Veľká Francúzska Revolúcia v KOCKE (Smieť 2024)
Vichy Francúzsko, formálne francúzsky štát, francúzsky État Français, (júl 1940 - september 1944), Francúzsko za režimu maršala Philippa Pétaina od nacistickej nemeckej porážky Francúzska po oslobodenie spojencov v druhej svetovej vojne.
Udalosti druhej svetovej vojny
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Holokaust
1933 - 1945
Bitka o Atlantik
3. september 1939 - 8. mája 1945
Dunkirkova evakuácia
26. mája 1940 - 4. júna 1940
Bitka o Britániu
Jún 1940 - apríl 1941
Kampane v severnej Afrike
June 1940 - May 13, 1943
Vichy France
July 1940 - September 1944
The Blitz
September 7, 1940 - May 11, 1941
Operation Barbarossa
June 22, 1941
Siege of Leningrad
September 8, 1941 - January 27, 1944
Pearl Harbor attack
December 7, 1941
Battle of Wake Island
December 8, 1941 - December 23, 1941
Pacific War
December 8, 1941 - September 2, 1945
Bataan Death March
April 9, 1942
Battle of Midway
June 3, 1942 - June 6, 1942
Kokoda Track Campaign
July 1942 - January 1943
Battle of Guadalcanal
August 1942 - February 1943
Battle of Stalingrad
August 22, 1942 - February 2, 1943
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
April 19, 1943 - May 16, 1943
Normandy Massacres
June 1944
Normandy Invasion
June 6, 1944 - July 9, 1944
Warsaw Uprising
August 1, 1944 - October 2, 1944
Cowra breakout
August 5, 1944
Battle of Leyte Gulf
October 23, 1944 - October 26, 1944
Battle of the Bulge
December 16, 1944 - January 16, 1945
Yalta Conference
February 4, 1945 - February 11, 1945
Battle of Corregidor
February 16, 1945 - March 2, 1945
Battle of Iwo Jima
February 19, 1945 - March 26, 1945
Bombing of Tokyo
March 9, 1945 - March 10, 1945
Battle for Castle Itter
May 5, 1945
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The Franco-German Armistice of June 22, 1940, divided France into two zones: one to be under German military occupation and one to be left to the French in full sovereignty, at least nominally. The unoccupied zone comprised the southeastern two-fifths of the country, from the Swiss frontier near Geneva to a point 12 miles (19 km) east of Tours and thence southwest to the Spanish frontier, 30 miles (48 km) from the Bay of Biscay.
Pierre Laval joined the government the day after the armistice was signed and became the main architect of the Vichy regime. It was he who on July 10, 1940, persuaded the National Assembly (summoned at Vichy to ratify the armistice) to grant Pétain authority to promulgate a new constitution (569 votes in favour, 80 against, 18 abstentions), so that Pétain was able, the next day, to assume in his own name full legislative and executive powers in the “French State.” The Vichy governments in fact survived for four years by never promulgating a new constitution. Their policy changed in tune with the fortunes of the war. When close collaboration with the Germans proved impracticable, a plot was formed at Vichy against Laval, who fell from power in December 1940 and was succeeded as premier by Pierre Étienne Flandin and then by Admiral Jean Darlan. Backed by Charles Maurras’s Action Française (a newspaper that advocated traditionalist, semiroyalist doctrines), Pétain and Darlan embarked on a period of attentisme (“wait and see”) in their dealings with Germany. Vichy became, at least superficially, a corporative state. The republican slogan of “Liberty, equality, fraternity” was replaced by “Work, family, fatherland.” A labour charter was passed, and there was much talk of a Pétainist “national revolution.”
In April 1942 Laval returned to power and contrived to convince the Germans that they could get more active collaboration from him. Germany was now engaged in massive war with the Soviet Union and with the United States and needed greater security in western Europe. But six months later the whole basis of Vichy’s position was transformed. U.S. and British forces landed in North Africa; the main units of the French fleet were scuttled by their crews at Toulon to prevent their falling into German hands; and on November 11, 1942, Germany occupied the whole of France and disbanded the “armistice army” of Vichy.
Henceforth, Vichy had no assets with which to bargain, with the exception of the cult of loyalty to Pétain (which still kept some Frenchmen obedient to the armistice) and the cleverness of Laval. It became increasingly a tool of German policy and, by January 1944, included extreme collaborators such as the National Socialist Marcel Déat. Darlan was assassinated in December 1942 in Algiers.
Meanwhile, the Resistance movements against both Vichy and the Germans grew rapidly in strength and significance as large numbers of young men fled to the hills and open country to escape the German forced-labour laws. Living as outlaws in the countryside and aided by the country people and by supplies dropped by aircraft from Great Britain, they harassed German communications and transport in preparation for Allied landings. The six months preceding the Normandy Invasion were a period of civil war in France between the members of the Resistance and the German Gestapo (secret police) aided by Vichy militias. When the provisional government of Charles de Gaulle moved to France after the Allied invasion of Normandy, it took over from a fascist regime in utter collapse. In September 1944, after the liberation of Paris, the new government declared Pétain’s French State abolished, together with all its laws.
Laval fled to Germany and Austria but was captured and returned to France, where he was tried and executed (1945). Pétain, abducted to Germany, voluntarily returned to France for trial and was convicted; his death sentence, however, was commuted by de Gaulle to solitary confinement for life, and he died in prison (1951).
