CRAZY VIDEO! Kilauea Volcano Eruption in Hawaii (Dec 21, 2020) (Smieť 2024)
Havajské sopky Národný park, aktívna sopečná oblasť pozdĺž juhovýchodného pobrežia ostrova Havaj, Havajský štát, USA, nachádzajúci sa juhozápadne od Hilo. Bola založená v roku 1961 a predtým súčasťou Havajského národného parku (založená 1916). Rozkladá sa na ploche 1 308 km 2 a zahŕňa dve aktívne sopky - 40 km od Mauna Loa a Kilauea. V roku 1987 bol park vyhlásený za svetové dedičstvo UNESCO.
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Mauna Loa, ktorá sa nachádza v južnej časti ostrova, je najväčšou sopkou na Zemi. Jeho objem sa rozprestiera smerom nahor asi 5 km od dna oceánu a potom stúpa o ďalších 4,2 km na prevýšenie 1667 metrov nad morom. Mauna Loa, ktorá pokrýva polovicu ostrova, je sopka štítu, ktorá od prvej dobre zdokumentovanej erupcie v roku 1843 vybuchla asi trikrát. Jej vrcholová kaldera má priemer približne 2 až 3 míle (3 až 5 km) a 600 stôp (Hĺbka 180 metrov). Sopka bola prerušovane aktívna a vykazovala erupcie v kalderi aj praskliny v bokoch. V roku 1881 vstúpil bočný lávový prúd zo severovýchodnej strany sopky na okraj mesta Hilo. V roku 1950 lávový prúd z juhozápadnej trhliny sopky dosiahol oceán za menej ako tri hodiny,prejdenie vzdialenosti rýchlosťou 9,3 km za hodinu. Najnovšia erupcia Mauna Loa bola v roku 1984 po zemetrasení pod sopkou.
Kilauea lies east of Mauna Loa and is considered to be Earth’s most active volcano. It is Hawaii’s youngest. It covers about one-seventh of the island of Hawaii (southeast) and rises to about 4,090 feet (1,250 metres) above sea level. It also is a shield volcano, with a summit caldera about the same size as Mauna Loa’s but not quite as deep. Halema‘uma‘u Crater, located within Kilauea’s caldera, is the volcano’s most active vent. In 1924 a series of steam explosions ejecting ash and blocks of lava followed the abrupt draining away of Halema‘uma‘u’s active lava lake. Sporadic eruptions at Halema‘uma‘u Crater followed, including a four-month eruption in 1952. Subsequent eruptions of Kilauea have occurred primarily in the volcano’s east rift zone; these became continuous beginning in 1983. First the Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō vent, located southeast of Kilauea’s caldera on the national park’s boundary, produced lava fountains reaching heights of 1,540 feet (470 metres) into the air. Then in 1986 the eruption shifted 2 miles (3 km) to the northeast of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō to the new Kupaianaha vent, from which a quiet effusion of lava continued to flow and eventually reached the ocean; in 1990 lava buried the entire historic community of Kalapana. In 1992 the flow of lava shifted back to the Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō vent, where a cinder cone had previously formed. After the collapse of the cone, lava from Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō flowing through a 7-mile- (11-km-) long lava tube system reached the ocean in 1997. This eruption continued into the early 21st century, by which time some 500 acres (200 hectares) of new land had been added to Hawaii’s southern shore. In 2018 a series of eruptions in the east rift zone opened several fissures that cut across residential neighbourhoods, releasing lava and clouds of sulfur dioxide gas. One explosive eruption sent a plume of volcanic ash some 30,000 feet (9,140 metres) into the air.
Other highlights of the national park are Ka‘ū Desert, a region of unusual lava formations in the rain shadow of Kilauea; Mauna Loa Trail, which wends its way to that volcano’s peak from Kilauea; a tree fern forest, a dense tropical area watered by nearly 100 inches (2,500 mm) of rainfall annually; and the museum at the park headquarters. Northwest of Kilauea is Kipuka Puaulu (also called Bird Park), where a nature trail leads from a grassy meadow dotted with clumps of koa, ohia, soapberry, kolea, and mamani trees to an open forest with many varieties of native trees. The park abounds with tropical birds. Introduced wildlife species include mongooses, wild goats and pigs, and pheasant and quail.
